Published simulation

BETSE: a computational framework

Exploring Instructive Physiological Signaling with the Bioelectric Tissue Simulation Engine

Evidence record

Source reviewed 2026-10-22 · Publication date retained

Original publication: 2016-07-06 · First online publication; review date is separate.
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00055
Authors: Alexis Pietak, Michael Levin
Evidence class: Published simulation
Source access: Publisher full text accessed. Supplementary material and software were not independently executed or audited.
Model: Finite-volume multiphysics model of cellular ion transport, membrane voltage and gap-junction coupling.
Donors / population: Not applicable: computational study; comparisons use published biological measurements.
Experimental units: Simulation configurations, not independent biological donors. One validation uses 35 simulated isolated cells.
Controls: Analytical Nernst/GHK checks and comparisons with published Xenopus oocyte measurements.
Endpoints: Membrane voltage, ionic concentrations and spatial/temporal physiological patterns.
Finding in scope: Model reproduced selected physiological benchmarks; the oocyte comparison reported less than 10% difference after equilibration.
Limitations: Conditional on equations, geometry, parameters and assumptions; not an aging clock or an Anthrobot rejuvenation validation.
Next test: For a new application, test sensitivity and numerical convergence, then compare held-out voltage time courses from the relevant biological system.
Human clinical evidence: None in this simulation study.

This is external research. It is not a Karam result, clinical service or claim of an available intervention.